ObjectiveTo compare the efficacy among percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL), open ureterolithotomy (UL) and ureteroscopic lithotripsy (URL) for treating incarcerated calculi of upper ureter. MethodsA total of 120 patients with incarcerated calculi of upper ureter were divided into PCNL group（n=34）, UL group（n=41）and URL group（n=45）according to the surgical approach. The clinical efficacy, postoperative complications and recrudescence at postoperative 6 months were compared among the three groups. ResultsThere was significant difference in the postoperative hospital stay among the three groups（P＜0.05）, and statistical difference was also found in multiple comparison（all P＜0.05）.There were no significant differences in the operative duration and duration for indwelling double J tube among the three groups（all P＞0.05）. The comparison of intraoperative blood loss was not conducted due to the deficiency of data. There were significant differences in surgical one-time success rate and clearance rate of calculi among the three groups （all P＜0.05）. There was no significant difference in postoperative complications among the three groups （P＞0.05）. ConclusionEach approach has its own merits. Complete removal of stones for one time is the greatest advantage of PCNL and UL. And PCNL also has the advantages of less trauma and faster recovery.Suitable and individualized therapeutic plan should be made after synthetical consideration according to specific condition.

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